Content
Nucleus:
It is the "brain" of the cell and it contains the genetic code (DNA)
DNA:
Contains all the genetic information for an organism. DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell.
Transcription:
It is when RNA polymerase splits the DNA into RNA.
RNA Polymerase:
It is an enzyme that splits the RNA from a DNA template, it is also known as transcription.
mRNA:
It is messenger RNA and it carries the RNA to ribosomes to be read and formed into an amino acid chain.
Codon:
It is the genetic code where information is coded into the genetics to then be translated into proteins.
Anti-codon:
A sequence of three nucleotide forming a genetic code to transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
Translation:
It is the process in which a mRNA chain is translated into a poly peptide chain.
Cytoplasm:
It is the material inside cell that keeps the organelles in place.
Ribosomes:
They link the amino acids together so they could be formed into a protein.
Amino Acid:
It is the materials that form the protein.
tRNA:
The physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Poly Peptide Chain:
It is the chain of amino acids before it folds into a protein.
Folding:
This is when the amino acid chain bends into a protein.
Protein:
They are a macro-molecule, and are extremely important. Their main function are as enzymes, as they catalyze many processes in the cell. Its monomer are amino acids.
Golgi Apparatus:
Folded proteins travel through the Golgi Apparatus so the could be modified to work properly.
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
This is where protein synthesis occurs in the cell.
It is the "brain" of the cell and it contains the genetic code (DNA)
DNA:
Contains all the genetic information for an organism. DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell.
Transcription:
It is when RNA polymerase splits the DNA into RNA.
RNA Polymerase:
It is an enzyme that splits the RNA from a DNA template, it is also known as transcription.
mRNA:
It is messenger RNA and it carries the RNA to ribosomes to be read and formed into an amino acid chain.
Codon:
It is the genetic code where information is coded into the genetics to then be translated into proteins.
Anti-codon:
A sequence of three nucleotide forming a genetic code to transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
Translation:
It is the process in which a mRNA chain is translated into a poly peptide chain.
Cytoplasm:
It is the material inside cell that keeps the organelles in place.
Ribosomes:
They link the amino acids together so they could be formed into a protein.
Amino Acid:
It is the materials that form the protein.
tRNA:
The physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Poly Peptide Chain:
It is the chain of amino acids before it folds into a protein.
Folding:
This is when the amino acid chain bends into a protein.
Protein:
They are a macro-molecule, and are extremely important. Their main function are as enzymes, as they catalyze many processes in the cell. Its monomer are amino acids.
Golgi Apparatus:
Folded proteins travel through the Golgi Apparatus so the could be modified to work properly.
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
This is where protein synthesis occurs in the cell.
What is Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is a genetic disorder within the insulin that causes high blood-sugar. This disease affects your blood vessels and nerves. It can be caused by the lack of exercise or obesity. This disease can lead to heart disease, stroke, and diabetic retinopathy. Insulin interjections help even out the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.
Protein Synthesis of Insulin
First transcription happens in the nucleus. Then mRNA goes into the cytoplasm for translation. 110 amino acids with 24 signal peptide amino acids are reproduced with the help of RNA polymerase. The signal peptides allow passage into the ER for folding. Once folded, they go through the Golgi Apparatus and to their pathways to start doing their job. Insulin binds to receptors when produced, the receptors send a signal to the cell to start picking glucose in the blood.
How the Protein Mis-folds
Sometimes there are mutations in the genes that causes B-sheets in the pancreas to die. This reduces the amount of insulin able to fold. The insulin protein can also be mis-folded. This can happen when unregulated amounts of sugar is released into the bloodstream and stresses out the ER’s production of insulin. This stress can cause the mis-folding of insulin. Mis-folded insulin is where insulin binds receptors to the cell, but the signal is never sent to start picking up glucose. Therefore high blood sugar ensues.
Reflection
Some peaks in this project was that I was able to lead my group, made sure we were on task, and I learned a lot of valuable information from this project, like, learning how to form a Gantt Chart. I was able to lead my group by making sure that everyone had an equal part in the project. We were able to make sure we were on task by having mini deadlines to complete certain tasks all thanks to the Gantt Chart. The last peak of this project was that I learned how protein synthesis works which will follow me for the rest of the school year.
Some pits of this project was that I needed to make sure that everyone in my group understands something before we move on and we needed to work better with each other. I needed to make sure that everyone in my group understood something before we move on because we would move on and then I would need to re-explain protein synthesis and that took more time than if I made sure everyone understood the concept the first time. Even though we were productive we could have worked better with each other because most of the time we work independently and we did not work as a group. Next time I will do a better job checking in on my group members.
Some pits of this project was that I needed to make sure that everyone in my group understands something before we move on and we needed to work better with each other. I needed to make sure that everyone in my group understood something before we move on because we would move on and then I would need to re-explain protein synthesis and that took more time than if I made sure everyone understood the concept the first time. Even though we were productive we could have worked better with each other because most of the time we work independently and we did not work as a group. Next time I will do a better job checking in on my group members.